They Don't Become Angels: Endnotes & References

Endnotes

1. G. Raffaele. 'Heroin Trial Yes or No?' Criminology Australia. Spring 1995: 7, 1, p. 4.
2. R. Marks. 'The Costs of Australian Drug Policy.' The Journal of Drug Issues. Summer 1992: 22, pp. 535-548.
3. D. Weatherburn and B. Lind. Drug Law Enforcement Policy and its Impact on the Heroin Market. Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1995, p. iii.
4. A. Sutton and S. James. Evaluation of Australian drug anti-trafficking law enforcement. South Australia: National Police Research Unit, 1996, p. vii.
5. D. McDonald, et al.. Legislative Options for Cannabis in Australia. Monograph Series No. 26, National Drug Strategy. Canberra: AGPS, 1994, p. 29.
6. Australian Federal Police. Illicit Drugs in Australia: Situation Report 1991. Canberra. October 1991, p. 18.
7. Lord President of the Council, et al.. Tackling Drugs Together: A consultation document on a strategy for England 1995-1998. London: HMSO, 1994, p. 85.
8. ibid. p. 100.
9. R. Penrose, 'Experiences and Developments of the Drug Misuse Strategy within the British System.' In G. Bammer and G. Gerrard (eds.) Heroin Treatment — New Alternatives. Canberra: NCEPH, AIC, 1992, p. 90.
10. J. Rainforth. 'Literature review: arguments about changing availability.' Background Papers: Feasibility Research into the Controlled Availability of 0pioids. Canberra: NCEPH, ANU, l991, p. 31.
11. C. Fazey. 'What Works: An Evaluation of Drug Treatments for Illicit Drug Users in the United Kingdom and Europe.' In J. Rainforth. ibid., p. 41.
12. P. M. Fleming. 'Prescription Heroin as Treatment for Dependence — Current UK Situation.' Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm held at Hobart, Australia, 3-7 March 1996, p. 8.
13. The research was not confined to the formal county boundaries and this allowed for a clinic in Clwyd, North Wales, and a clinic in Liverpool, Merseyside, both of which border Cheshire, to be included in the collection plan.
14. This person had become addicted to methadone as a result of buying it on the black market. The person had never been addicted to heroin and did not use that drug. The methadone addiction was being treated by prescribing methadone.
15. F. Neri. 'Welfare Effects of Heroin Prohibition.' Economic Papers. December 1992, 11, 4, p. 73.
16. Australian Federal Police. op. cit., p. 9.
17. Lord President of the Council, et al.. op. cit., p. 15.
18. ibid., p. 84.
19. I. Dobinson. 'Drug Legalisation: Method or Mayhem?' Current Issues in Criminal Justice: Journal of the Institute of Criminology. November 1994, 6, 2, p. 222.
20. N. Dorn, 0. Baker and T. Seddon. Paying for heroin: estimating the financial cost of acquisitive crime committed by dependent heroin users in England and Wales. London: Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, 1994. p. 9.
21. H. Parker and R. Newcombe. 'Heroin use and acquisitive crime in an English community.' The British Journal of Sociology. 1987, 38, 3, pp. 331-350.
22. C. Fazey. 'An Empirical Study of the Relationship Between Heroin Addiction, Crime and Medical Treatment.' In P. O'Hare, et al.. The Reduction of Drug Related Harm. London: Routledge, 1991.
23. The National Treatment Outcome Research Study: Summary of the Project, the Clients, and Preliminary Findings. London: Department of Health Task Force to Review Services for Drug Misusers, 1996, p. 1.
24. G. Wardlaw. 'Crime Control and Heroin Treatment Programs,' In G. Bammer and G. Gerrard (eds.) Heroin Treatment - New Alternatives. Canberra: NCEPH, AIC, 1992, p. 116.
25. Jeffrey Marks. Consultant Psychiatrist, St Pauls Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Interview conducted in Cheltenham on 21 June, 1996.
26. M. Lofts. Detective Constable, Central Drugs Unit, Cheshire Constabulary, Cheshire. Interview conducted in Chester on 15 June, 1996.
27. A. Gorry. Clinical Manager of Mill House Drug and Alcohol Service, Chester, Cheshire. Interview conducted in Chester on 5 June, 1996.
28. Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence. Australian Criminal Environment Intelligence Assessment: 1992. p. 54.
29. Jeffrey Marks. op. cit.
30. Lord President of the Council, et al. op. cit., p. 41.
31. N. Dorn, 0. Baker and T. Seddon. op. cit., p. 5.
32. S. Ruben. Consultant Psychiatrist, Hope House, Liverpool, Merseyside. Interview conducted in Liverpool on 11 June, 1996.
33. H. Parker. 'Methadone's Success.' Police Review. 12 April, 1996, p. 15.
34. R. Hartnoll et al. 'Evaluation of heroin maintenance in controlled trial.' In J. Rainforth. op. cit., p. 33.
35. It should be recognised that the date of conviction will invariably be some time subsequent to the crime, and in many cases it may be months or even years after the event.
36. C. Walsh. Probation Officer for Cheshire County. Interview conducted in Cheshire on 12 June, 1996.
37. M. Lofts. op. cit.
38. Jeffrey Marks. op. cit.
39. C. Walsh. op. cit.
40. G. Paton. Drugs Action Team Co-ordinator for Gloucestershire. Interview conducted in Gloucester on 20 June, 1996.
41. M. Lofts. op. cit.
42. ibid.
43. S. Ruben. op. cit.
44. Jeffrey Marks. op. cit.
45. A. Palombella. Psychiatric Nurse at Widnes Clinic from 1987 to 1996. Interview conducted at Widnes on 5 June, 1996.
46. S. Edwards. Senior Practitioner for Social Work, Clwyd Drug Service, North Wales. Interview conducted in Clwyd on 14 June, 1996.
47. ibid.
48. J. A. Marks. 'Practice in a Provincial Drug Dependency Clinic.' Unpublished. November 1984, p. 3.
49. Australian Federal Police. op. cit., p. 18.
50. Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence. Australian Illicit Drug Report 1995-96. December 1996, p. 64.
51. L. Johnston. 'Lethal Medicine.' The Big Issue (North). 29 April, 1996: 105, p. 10.
52. ibid., pp. 10-11.
53. Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence. 1994 Australian Illicit Drug Report. April 1995, p. 33.
54. J. Strang, et al. 'Social and drug-taking behaviour of 'maintained' opiate addicts.' In J. Rainforth. op. cit., p. 34.
55. H. Parker. op. cit., p. 16.
56. M. Chatterton, et al. Performance Indicators for Local Anti-Drugs Strategies: a preliminary analysis. Crime Detection and Prevention Series: Police Research Group, Paper 62. London: Home Office, 1995, p. 23.
57. G. Mordue. Probation Officer on secondment to Mill House Clinic in Cheshire. Interview conducted in Cheshire on 13 June, 1996.
58. C. Walsh. op. cit.
59. A. Parry. 'UK Methadone Programmes: A Public Health Disaster?' Unpublished. 1995, p. 3.
60. S. Ruben. op. cit.
61. ibid.
62. ibid.
63. ibid.
64. R. Newcombe. 'Methadone Mortality: Are British Drug Treatment Services Neglecting the Main Harmful Effects of Prescribing Methadone?' Discussion paper for the conference, Drug Policy in the 90s: The Changing Climate. Liverpool: 3D Research Bureau, June 1995, p. 7.
65. S. Ruben. In L. Johnston. op. cit., p. 11.
66. S. Ruben. Interview of 11 June, 1996. op. cit.
67. M. Brash. Director of Nelson House in Stroud, Gloucestershire. Interview conducted in Stroud on 18 June, 1996.
68. The Mercury. 28 December 1995, p. 8.
69. R. Newcombe. op. cit., p. 2.
70. ibid. p. 4.
71. R. Newcombe. 'Live and let die: Is methadone more likely to kill you than heroin?' Druglink. Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, January/February 1996, pp. 9-12.
72. T. Carnwath. 'Methadone Works.' Druglink. Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence, May/June 1996, p. 15.
73. ibid.
74. R. Newcombe. op. cit.
75. J. A. Marks. 'Personal Communication.' In J. Rainforth. op. cit., p. 41.
76. J. A. Marks. 'Deaths from methadone and heroin.' The Lancet. Vol 343, 16 April, 1994.
77. John Marks. Consultant Psychiatrist, Chapel Street Clinic, Widnes, Cheshire. Interview conducted in Widnes on 12 June, 1996.
78. A. Palombella. op. cit.
79. ibid.
80. Lord President of the Council, et al. op. cit., p. 85.
81. G. Paton. op. cit.
82. Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence. Australian Illicit Drug Report 1995-96 December, 1996, p. 64.
83. T. Shea. Project Director for Gloucestershire Drugs Project, Gloucestershire. Interview conducted in Gloucester on 19 June, 1996.
84. G. Mordue. op. cit.
85. R. Newcombe. 'Live and let die: Is methadone more likely to kill you than heroin?' Druglink. Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence. January/February, 1996, p. 9.
86. R. Newcombe. 'Methadone Mortality: Are British Drug Treatment Services Neglecting the Main Harmful Effects of Prescribing Methadone?' op. cit., p. 6.
87. ibid.
88. N. Mazey. Chemist, Martin Street Pharmacy, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Interview conducted in Cheltenham on 20 June, 1996.
89. G. Bammer. Report and Recommendations of Stage 2 Feasibility Research into the Controlled Availability of Opioids. Canberra: NCEPH, ANU, June, 1995, p. 37.
90. R. Penrose. 'Experiences and Developments of the Drug Misuse Strategy Within the British System.' In G. Bammer and G. Gerrard (eds.) op. cit., p. 91.
91. C. J. Fazey. 'Preventing the Spread of HIV Infection: A Study of Drug Patients Syringe and Condom Use.' In J. Rainforth. op. cit., p. 39.
92. J. A. Marks. 'State-Rationed Drugs: an Absurd Policy?' Unpublished. September, 1987, p. 7.
93. H. Parker and P. Kirby. Methadone Maintenance and Crime Reduction on Merseyside. Crime Detection and Prevention Series, Paper 72: Police Research Group. London, 1996, p. 27.
94. A. Palombella. op. cit.
95. John Marks. Interview conducted on 12 June, 1996, op. cit.
96. S. Ruben. Interview of 11 June, 1996. op. cit.
97. John Marks. op. cit.
98. G. Bammer. op. cit., p. 51.
99. M. Blumson. Senior Probation Officer for Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Interview conducted in Cheltenham on 20 June, 1996.
100. N. Mazey. op. cit.
101. M. Lofts. 'Policing the Merseyside Drug Treatment Program: "The Cheshire Experience".' In G. Bammer and G. Gerrard (eds.) op. cit., p. 104.
102. ibid.
103. G. Bammer. op. cit., pp. 28-29.
104. ibid., p. 29.
105. Jeffrey Marks. op. cit.
106. N. Mazey. op. cit.
107. D. Samways. Director of Pharmacy at Cheltenham Hospital, Gloucestershire. Interview conducted in Cheltenham on 21 June, 1996.
108. M. Lofts. op. cit.
109. A. Palombella. op. cit.
110. S. Bronitt. Criminal Liability Issues Associated with a "Heroin Trial" Feasibility Research into the Controlled Availability of Opioids Stage 2, Working Paper Number 13. Canberra: NCEPH, ANU and AIC, May 1995, p. 38.
111. D. Samways. op. cit.
112. G. Hopkins. Chemist, Spa Pharmacy, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Interview conducted in Cheltenham on 20 June, 1996.
113. N. Mazey. op. cit.
114. John Marks. 'Practice in a Provincial Drug Dependency Clinic.' op. cit., p. 2.
115. R. Newcombe. 'Second Class Citizens.' Druglink. Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence. March/April, 1993, p. 11.
116. General Medical Council. Professional Conduct and Discipline. In R. Newcombe. 'Second Class Citizens.' op. cit., p. 11.
117. A. Palombella. op. cit.
118. G. Bammer. op. cit., pp. 32-33.
119. S. Bronitt. op. cit., p. 37.
120. A. Rainford. 'Prostitution, Health and Drugs — What is the best "British System"?' Unpublished. London, 1991, p. 11.
121. ibid., p. 12.
122. ibid., p. 11.
123. G. Bammer. op. cit., pp. 41-42.

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Interviews

5/6/96 Ann Gorry, Clinical Manager of Drug and Alcohol Service, Mill House, Chester, Cheshire.

5/6/96 Andy Palombella, Psychiatric Nurse at Widnes Clinic, Cheshire, from 1987 to 1996.

5/6/96 Siebourn Monaghan, Social Worker at Widnes Clinic, Cheshire.

11/6/96 Dr Sue Ruben, Consulting Psychiatrist, Hope House, Merseyside.

12/6/96 Chris Walsh, Probation Officer, Cheshire.

12/6/96 Dr John Marks, Chapel Street Clinic, Widnes, Cheshire.

13/6/96 George Mordue, Probation Officer assigned to Mill House Clinic, Cheshire.

14/6/96 Sue Edwards, Senior Practitioner for Social Work, Clwyd Drug Service, North Wales.

15/6/96 Detective Constable Mike Lofts, Central Drugs Unit, Cheshire Constabulary, Cheshire.

18/6/96 Chief Inspector David Reid, Community Involvement Officer, Gloucestershire Constabulary, Gloucestershire.

18/6/96 Dr Raj, St Paul's Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

18/6/96 Dr Toby Moate, Training Psychiatrist, St Paul's Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

18/6/96 Allison Bridge, Clinical Nurse Specialist, St Paul's Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

18/6/96 Louise Hunter, Clinical Nurse Specialist, St Paul's Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

18/6/96 Eileen Elliott, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Cheltenham Drug Service, St Paul's Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

18/6/96 Mary Brash, Director, Nelson House, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

19/6/96 Tony Shea, Project Director, Gloucestershire Drugs Project, Gloucestershire.

20/6/96 Kish Venkatasami, Nurse, West Gloucestershire Community Drug Service, Gloucestershire.

20/6/96 Nicki Mazey, Chemist, Martin Street Pharmacy, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

20/6/96 Grace Paton, Senior Probation Officer, on secondment as Co-Ordinator of Drugs Action Team, Gloucestershire.

20/6/96 Graham Hopkins, Chemist, Spa Pharmacy, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

20/6/96 Meg Blumson, Senior Probation Officer for Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

21/6/96 David Samways, Director of Pharmacy, Cheltenham Hospital, Gloucestershire.

21/6/96 Dr Jeffrey Marks, Consulting Psychiatrist, Cheltenham Drug Service, St Paul's Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire