Drug Testing

General

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. “Policy statement: Drug and alcohol screening.” 1997. various pp.

American Civil Liberties Union. Home page. 27 Jan. 2004.

Armentano, P; Shea, D. "A look at the historical legal basis for urine testing." NORML. 1995. 6 pp. 

Barker, C; Epps, LA. “Drug testing.” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy. 1997. 6(2): 183 pp.

Barnum, DT; Gleason, JM. “The credibility of drug tests: A multi-site Bayesian analysis.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 1994. 47(4): 610-621.

Brownsberger, WN. “Limits on the role of testing and sanctions.” In: Heymann, PB; Brownsberger, WN, Ed., Drug addiction and drug policy: the struggle to control dependence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2001. 193-205.

Buchan, BJ; Dennis, ML; Tims, FM; Diamond, GS. “Cannabis use:  Consistency and validity of self-report, on-site urine testing and laboratory testing.” Addiction. 2002. 97(Suppl. 1): 98-108.

California NORML. "California NORML’s drug testing tips: Dealing with urinalysis on short notice don’t rely on excuses." California: California NORML. 1997. 5 pp.

Campaign to Legalise Cannabis International Association. “Cannabis law and drug testing.” Braintree, England: Campaign to Legalise Cannabis International Association. 1999. 35 pp.

Common Sense for Drug Policy. “Drug War Facts: Drug testing and employment.” 27 January 2004.

Coombs, RH; West, LJ. “Drug testing: Issues and options.” New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1991. 245 pp.

Crouch, DJ; Hersch, RK; Cook, RF; et al. “A field evaluation of five on-site drug-testing devices.” Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2002. 26: 493-499.

Dasgupta, A; Wahed, A; Wells, A. “Rapid spot test for detecting the presence of adulterants in urine specimens submitted for drug testing.” American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002. 117: 325-329.

Dowling-Sendor, B. “Zero Tolerance versus Privacy.”  American School Board Journal. 2000. 3 pp.

Drug and Alcohol Testing Industry Association. Home page. 22 January 2004.

Drug Testing Coordinators. Home page. 22 January 2004. 

Drug Policy Alliance. “Turning the tide: Alliance web chat with Ethan Nadelmann, Ira Glasser, and Marsha Rosenbaum.” 2003. 47 mins. 

Ehrenreich, B. “Your urine, please.” The Progressive. March 2000. 15-16.

Fendrich, M; Johnson, TP; Sudman, S; et al. “Validity of drug use reporting in a high-risk community sample: A comparison of cocaine and heroin survey reports with hair tests.” American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999. 49(10): 955-962.

Fendrich, M; Yun Soo Kim, J. “The experience and acceptability of drug testing: Poll trends.” Journal of Drug Issues. 2002. 32(1): 81-95.

Ghodse, AH; Greaves, JL; Lynch, D. “Evaluation of the opioid addiction test in an out-patient drug dependency unit.” British Journal of Psychiatry. 1999. 175: 158-162.

Gieringer, DH. "Urinalysis or Uromancy? The Untold Costs of Drug Testing Abuse." California: Strategies for Change; New Directions in Drug Policy. 1992. 15 pp.

Gottlieb, DJ. “Drug testing, collective suspicion and a fourth amendment out of balance: A reply to Professor Howard.” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy. 1997. 6(2): 27-37.

Griffin, SO; Keller, A; Cohn, A. “Developing a drug testing policy at a public university: Participant perspectives.” Public Personnel Management. 2001. 30(3): 467-481.

Holtorf, K. “Ur-ine trouble.” Scottsdale, AZ: Vandalay Press.  1997. 168 pp.

Horgan, J. “Test negative: A look at the 'evidence' justifying illicit-drug tests.” Scientific American. 1990. 262(3): 18-19.

Horgan, J. "Your analysis is faulty (how to lie with drug statistics)." New Republic. 2 April 1990. 6pp. 

Laws, J. “Rewriting the textbook: Drug and alcohol testing.” Occupational Health & Safety. 2000. April: 36-38.

Lewis, JH. “Working to recognized standards: A prerequisite for drug testing in Australia.” Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2002. 24: 182-186.

Maltby, LL. “Impairment testing: Does it work?” Princeton, NJ: National Workrights Institute. 2002. 30 pp.

Maltby, LL. “Drug testing: A bad investment.” Employee Rights Quarterly. 2000. 1(1): 1-5.

McBay, A. “International Journal of Drug Testing: Hair drug testing bibliography.” 27 January 2004.

McGarrell, EF; Hutchens, JD. “Blueprint for a drug-free future: Reducing illegal drug use in the United States.” Westfield, IN: Hudson Institute. 2001. 101 pp.

McKinney, JR. “The effectiveness and legality of random drug testing policies.” Undated. 4 pp.

McKinney, JR. “The effectiveness of random drug testing programs: A statewide follow-up study.” Undated. 3 pp.

Meadway, C; George, S; Braithwaite, R. “Opiate concentrations following the ingestion of poppy seed products- evidence for the ‘poppy seed’ defense.” Forensic Science International. 1998. 96(1): 29-38.

Meisler, A. “Drug testing’s negative results.” Workforce Management. October, 2003. 35-40.

Mieczkowski, T. “Drug testing technology: Assessment of field applications.” Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 1999. 371 pp.

Montagna, M; Stramesi, C; Vignali, C; et al. “Simultaneous hair testing for opiates, cocaine, and metabolites by GC-MS: A survey of applicants for driving licenses with a history of drug use.” Forensic Science International. 2000. 107: 157-167.

Morgan, JP. “Urine tests for drug use: Are they reliable?” HerbalGram. 1994. 32: 46-51, 70.

Morgan, JP. “Urine testing and the 1983 “Firestone Study:” The genesis of government-mandated falsity.” Unpublished. 1990.

Nadelmann, E. “Drawing the Line on Drug Testing." IntellectualCapital.com. 1999, October 14. 
 
National League of Cities. “Developing alcohol and drug testing programs: A guide for local governments.” Washington, DC: National League of Cities. 1994. various pp.

National Public Radio. “Justice Talking: Drug testing with Ethan Nadelmann and Robert Dupont.”
2003. 

News.surfwax.Com. “Drug testing.” 27 January 2004.

Non-testers list: The consumer guide to companies that do not drug test. Home page. 27 January 2004. 

NORML. Home page. 27 January 2004. 

Northwest Toxicology. Home page. 27 January 2004.

Office of National Drug Control Policy. Home Page. 27 January 2004.

OHS Health and Safety Services, Inc. Home page. 27 January 2004. 

O'Malley, PM; Mugford, SK. “Moral technology: The political agenda of random drug testing.” Unpublished. 1992. various pp.

Paronto, ME; Truxillo, DM; Bauer, TN; et al. “Drug testing, drug treatment, and marijuana use: A fairness perspective.” Journal of Applied Psychology. 2002. 87(6): 1159-1166.

Preston, KL; Huestis, MA; Wong, CJ; et al. “Monitoring cocaine use in substance-abuse-treatment patients by sweat and urine testing.” Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1999. 23: 313-322.

Public Citizen Health Research Group. “Federal law does not require release of drug testing data.” News Media and the Law. 1999. 23(4): 17-18.

Reynolds, L. “What you should know about on-site saliva drug and alcohol testing.” Occupational Health & Safety. 2001. 188-190.

Ricossa, MC; Bernini, M; De Ferrari, F. “Hair analysis for driving licence in cocaine and heroin users: An epidemiological study.” Forensic Science International. 2000. 107: 301-308.

Romano, G; Barbera, N; Lombardo, I. “Hair testing for drugs of abuse: Evaluation of external cocaine contamination and risk of false positives.” Forensic Science International. 2001. 123: 119-129.

Sedgwick, B. “Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) as a marker of cannabis use: Is the methodology forensically acceptable?” Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2000. 24(1): 73-75.

Seymour, RB; Smith, DE; Chambers, T. “Detecting cocaine and opiates in urine: Comparing three commercial assays.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1999. 31(3): 305-314.

Sharp, DK. “Drug testing and the fourth amendment: What happened to individualized suspicion?” Drake Law Review. 1997.  46: 149-172.

Staudenmeier, WJ. “Urine testing: The battle for privatized social control during the 1986 War on Drugs.” In: Best, Joel, Ed., Images of issues: Typifying contemporary social problems. New York, NY: Aldine De Gruyter. 1989. various pp.

Swotinsky, RB, Ed. “The medical review officer's guide to drug testing.” New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.1992. 246 pp.

Tackling drugs. Home page. 27 January 2004.

Torres, S. “The use of a credible drug testing program for accountability and intervention.” Federal Probation. 1996. 60(4): 18-23.

Wilson, TL. “Please leave your constitutional protections at the door: A challenge to Louisiana's mandatory drug testing status.” Louisiana Law Review. 2000. 585-603.

Wish, ED, eds. “Drug abuse: Linking policy and research.” Spec. issue of Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.  521 (1992): 234 pp.

Wolff, K; Farrell, M; Marsden, J; et al. “A review of biological indicators of illicit drug use, practical considerations and clinical usefulness.” Addiction. 1999. 94(9):1279-1298.

Zimmer, L; American Civil Liberties Union, National Task Force on Civil Liberties in the Workplace. "Drug testing: A bad investment." Washington, DC: American Civil Liberties Union. 1999. 27 pp. 

Zimmer, L; Jacobs, JB. “The business of drug testing: Technological innovation and social control.” Contemporary Drug Problems. 1992. 19(1): various pp.

Drug testing and the Workplace

Anonymous. “Service provider sees little interest in alternative specimen testing - until DOT endorses it.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 2003. 18(2): various pp.

American Civil Liberties Union, National Task Force on Civil Liberties. “Public employee drug testing: A legal guide.” Princeton, NJ: American Civil Liberties Union, National Task Force on Civil Liberties. 1998. 18 pp.

American Management Association. “1996 AMA survey on workplace drug testing and drug abuse policies.” New York, NY: American Management Association. 1996. 9 pp.

American Management Association. “Medical testing: 2001 AMA survey on workplace testing.
New York, NY: American Management Association. 2001. 7 pp.

Anonymous. “Off-duty drug testing of state employee unconstitutional--C.A.” Metropolitan News Enterprise. 3 October 2000. various pp.

Anonymous. “Employment law - drug tests.” Chicago Daily Law Bulletin. 28 July 2000. various pp.

Anonymous. “Texas employers don't have duty to follow federal drug testing mandates.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 11 August 2003. 17(17): various pp.

Anonymous. “Employee wins case, but not reinstatement in drug test dispute.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 25 July 2003. 17(16): various pp.

Anonymous. “Denial of drug-testing protections leads to award of benefits for employee, Corporate Educational Services.” Iowa Employment Law Letter. 2003. 10(2): various pp.

Anonymous. “Employees can sue federal agency for random drug tests.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 16 May 2003. 17(12): various pp.

Anonymous. “Employees can sue federal agency for random drug tests.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 1 May 2003. 17(11): various pp.

Anonymous. “, Emory starts drug testing policy, finds employee resentment.” HR On Campus. 5 December 2002. 5(12): various pp.

Anonymous.  “University's new preemployment drug testing policy stirs controversy.”  Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 18 October 2002. 16(22): various pp.

Bennett, JB; Lehman, WEK. “Preventing workplace substance abuse: Beyond drug testing to wellness.” Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2003. 272 pp.

Beswick, J; Health and Safety Laboratory. “Review of the literature on illegal drugs in the workplace: WPS/02/01.” England: Crown. 2002. 69 pp.

Borg, MJ; Arnold, WP. “Social monitoring as social control: The case of drug testing in a medical workplace.” Sociological Forum. 1997. 12(3): 441-460.

Browne Miller, A. “Working dazed: Why drugs pervade the workplace and what can be done about it.” New York, NY: Plenum Press. 1991. 328 pp.

Brunet, JR. “Employee drug testing as social control: A typology of normative justifications.” Review of Public Personnel Administration. 2002. 22(3): 193-215.

Cone, EJ. “Legal, workplace, and treatment drug testing with alternate biological matrices on a global scale.” Forensic Science International. 2001. 121: 7-15.

de Bernardo, MA. “Avoiding legal liability: The 25 most common employer mistakes in addressing drug abuse.” Washington, DC: Institute for a Drug-Free Workplace. 1996. 38 pp.

Danaher, MG. “US Supreme Court upholds arbitrator's decision: Employee who tested positive for illegal drugs must be reinstated.” The Lawyers Journal. 2000. 2: various pp.

Denenberg, TS; Denenberg, RV. “Attorney's guide to drugs in the workplace.” Chicago, IL: American Bar Association. 1996. 52 pp.

Drug Policy Foundation. “Drugs and the law: A practical manual for lawyers involved in drug-related litigation.” Washington, DC: Drug Policy Foundation. Undated. various pp.

Drug Testing Coordinators. Home page. 22 January 2004.

Ehrenreich, B. “Warning: This is a rights-free workplace.” New York Times Magazine.  5 March 2000, A-1+.

Fine, CR; Reeves, TZ; Harney, GP. “Employee drug testing: Are cities complying with the courts?” Public Administration Review. 1996. 56(1): 30-37.

French, MT; Roebuck, MC; Alexandre, PK. “Illicit drug use, employment, and labor force participation.” Southern Economic Journal. 2001. 68(2): 349-368.

Gerber, J. “An evaluation of drug testing in the workplace: A study of the construction industry.” Unpublished. 2000. 25 pp.

Gerber, J; Yacoubian, GS. “Evaluation of drug testing in the workplace: Study of the construction industry.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2001. Nov. /Dec.: 438-444.

Gilliom, J. “Surveillance, privacy, and the law: Employee drug testing and the politics of social control.” Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 1994. 181 pp.

Greenberg, ER; Canzoneri, C; Straker, T; American Management Association. “1995 AMA survey on workplace drug testing and drug abuse policies.”  New York, NY: American Management Association. 1995. 8 pp.

Hirsch, RA; McDaniel, JB; National Cooperative Highway Research Program; Transit Cooperative Research Program; National Research Council (U.S.) Transportation Research Board. “Drug and alcohol testing: A survey of labor-management relations.” Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. 2001. 60 pp.

Hoffmann, JP; National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. “Drug use among U.S. workers: Prevalence and trends by occupation and industry categories.” Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. 1996. 145 pp.

Hoffmann, JP; Larison, CL. “Worker drug use and workplace drug-testing programs: Results from the 1994 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.” Contemporary Drug Problems. 1999. 26(2): 331-354.

Indiana Prevention Resource Center at Indiana University.  “Information on drug testing.” 27 January 2004.

Jacobs, JB; Zimmer, L. “Drug treatment and workplace drug testing: Politics, symbolism and organizational dilemmas.” Behavioral Sciences and the Law. 1991. 9: 345-360.

Jacobson, M. “Drug testing in the trucking industry: The effect on highway safety.” The Journal of Law & Economics. 2003. 46: various pp.

Kraus, JF. “The effects of certain drug-testing programs on injury reduction in the workplace: An evidence-based review.” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2001. 7: 103-108.

Lotito, MJ; Outwater, LC. “Minding your business: Legal issues and practical answers for managing workplace privacy.” Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management. 1997. 136 pp.

Morin, MM. “Balancing public safety and the right to privacy: The New Jersey Supreme Court affirms random drug testing for employees holding safety-sensitive positions.” Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal. 2000. 10: 455-491.

Mieczkowski, T; Lersch, KM. “Drug-testing police officers and police recruits: The outcome of urinalysis and hair analysis compared.” Policing. 2002. 25(3): 581-601.

Morgan, JP. “Under what influence? A critical review of reputed benefits of workplace drug testing.” Unpublished. 1991. various pp.

Mugford, SK. “Random drug testing of employees in the Australian Customs Service: A report on some organizational aspects of the possibility and of public attitudes towards it.” Canberra, Australia: Stephen Mugford. 1990. various pp.

Narcessian, EJ; et al. “False-positive urine drug screen: Beware the poppy seed bagel.” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1997. 14(5): 261-263.

OHS Health and Safety Services, Inc. Home page. 22 January 2004. 

Orfali, S; Potter, BA. “Drug testing at work: A guide for employers and employees.” Berkeley, CA: Ronin. 1995. 230 pp.

Orr, G. “The Knox v. Knox n1 Decision and Drug Testing for Public School Employees: Why Educators Do Not Shed Their Rights at the Schoolhouse Gate.” Journal of Law & Education. 2000. 29: various pp.

Ozminkowski, RJ; Mark, T; Cangianelli, L; et al. “The cost of on-site versus off-site workplace urinalysis testing for illicit drug use.” Health Care Manager. 2001. 20(1): 59-69.

Rodier, DN. “Justices to review duty owed to employees in drug testing.” The Legal Intelligencer. 2001, April 11. various pp.

Russo, CJ. “Drug testing of teachers.” Education and the Law. 2001. 13(3): 235-241.

Schreier, JW. “Substance abuse in the workplace: Three decades: Perspective: A new century: Implications.” Brookfield, WI: Human Resources Research. 1999. 94 pp.

Schwenk, CR; Rhodes, SL, Eds. “Marijuana and the workplace: Interpreting research on complex social issues.” Westport, CT: Quorum. 1999. 197 pp.

Shepard, EM; Clifton, TJ. “Drug testing: Does it really improve labor productivity?” WorkingUSA. 1998. 2(4): 69-76.

Smith, P; Hood, RH. “Is it unconstitutional for hospitals to provide drug-test results to law enforcement officials.” Supreme Court Debates. 2000. 3(8): 236-255.

Trevino, RA; Montoya, ID; Richard, AJ; Atkinson, JS. “Drug testing as an employment right: An economic approach.” Journal of Individual Employment Rights. 1998-99. 7(3): 215-226.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Drug testing: Action by certain agencies when employees test positive for illegal drugs: Fact sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1990. 11 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Drug testing: Federal agency plans for testing employees: Report to Chairman, Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1989. 8 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Drug testing: Management problems and legal challenges facing DOT's industry programs: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1989. 54 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Employee drug testing: A single agency is needed to manage federal employee drug testing: Report to Congressional requestors.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1991. 29 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Employee drug testing: Agency costs may vary from earlier estimates: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Civil Service and Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives.”  Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1989. 23 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Employee drug testing: DOT's laboratory quality assurance program not fully implemented: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1989. 9 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Employee drug testing: Estimated cost to test all executive branch employees and new hires: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on the Civil Service, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1992. 9 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Employee drug testing: Information on private sector programs: Report to the Honorable Charles Schumer, House of Representatives.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1988. 26 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Employee drug testing: Opportunities exist to lower drug-testing program costs: Report to Congressional requesters.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1992. 18 pp.

United States. General Accounting Office. “Employee drug testing: Regulation of drug testing laboratories: Fact sheet for the Honorable Charles E. Schumer, House of Representatives.” Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. 1988. 7 pp.

Verstraete, AG; Pierce, A. “Workplace drug testing in Europe.” Forensic Science International.  2001. 121: 2-6.

Vogl, WF. “Medical review officer manual for federal workplace drug testing programs.” Bethesda, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Division of Workplace Programs. 1997. 72 pp.

Walsh, JM; Gust, SW; National Institute on Drug Abuse. “Workplace drug abuse policy: Considerations and experience in the business community.” Rockville, MD: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. 1989. 122 pp.

Wefing, JB. “Employer drug testing: Disparate judicial and legislative responses.” Albany Law Review. 2000. 799-832.

Wright, RS; Wright, DG. “Creating and maintaining the drug-free workforce.” New York, NY McGraw-Hill. 1993. 229 pp.

Drug testing and schools

American Bar Association. “Teaching about drug testing in schools.” 1999.  various pp.

Anonymous. “Brady Eugene Tannahill and Larry Eugene Tannahill v. Lockney Independent School District, et al.: Civil Action No. 5:00-CV-0073-C.” United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Lubbock Division.  2001, January 5. 24 pp.

Anonymous. “Group suspicion: The key to evaluating student drug testing.” Kansas Law Review. 2000. 48: various pp.

Anonymous. “A constitutional mosh pit: The Fourth Amendment, suspicionless searches, and the toughest public school drug testing policy in America.” Texas Tech Law Review. 2001. 33: various pp.

Anonymous. “University's controversial drug testing policy to remain in place.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 17 October 2003. 17(22): various pp.

Anonymous.” 5th Circuit dismisses suit challenging student drug tests.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 22 August 2003. 17(18): various pp.

Anonymous. “Student drug testing grant seen as potential boost for industry.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 11 August 2003. 17(17):  various pp.

Anonymous. “N.J. Supreme Court upholds student drug test policy.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 25 July 2003. 17(16): various pp.

Anonymous. “Study suggests testing does not deter student drug use.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 12 June 2003. 17(14): various pp.

Anonymous. “Virginia to adopt state standards for student drug testing.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 18 April 2003. 17(10): various pp.

Anonymous. “Random drug testing reduces student drug use.” School Violence Alert. 10 February 2003.  9(2): various pp.

Anonymous.  “Industry survey: More school districts seek drug testing services.”  Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor.  31 October 2002. 17(1): various pp.

Anonymous. “Drug Testing Court: Districts authorized to explore ways of curbing student drug use.” School Law Bulletin. 19 September 2002. 6(5): various pp.

Anonymous. “ONDCP says schools should follow workplace drug testing checklist.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 19 September 2002.16(20): various pp.

Anonymous. “Court declares school district's random policy constitutionally fit.” Your School and the Law. 11 September 2002. 32(16): various pp.

Anonymous. “Steps for developing a student drug testing program.” Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor. 8 August 2002. 16(17): various pp.

Anonymous. “Random student drug testing is minimal intrusion, court rules.” Your School and the Law. 24 July 2002. 32(13): various pp.

Bailey, WJ. “Suspicionless drug testing in schools.” Current Issues in Drug Abuse Prevention. 1998. various pp.

Bates, BE. “Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls: Supreme Court Approves Mandatory, Suspicionless Drug Testing Policy in Public High School.” Mercer Law Review. 2003. 54: various pp.

Belsky, MH. “Random vs. suspicion-based drug testing in the public schools--A surprising civil liberties dilemma.” Oklahoma City University Law Review. 2002. 27: various pp.

Birnbaum, M; Schermbeck, J; Public Broadcasting System. “Point of view: Larry v Lockney". Mark Birnbaum Productions. 2002. 57 mins. 

Book, M. “Group suspicion: The key to evaluating student drug testing.” University of Kansas Law Review. 2000. 637-661.

Callahan, DG. “Justices justify drug testing Indiana Supreme Court weighs in on hot school drug testing topic.” The Indiana Lawyer. 27 March 2002. various pp.

Clegg, BJ. “Suspicionless drug testing of all public school students wishing to participate in extracurricular activities: The United States Supreme Court has held the process to be Constitutional, but will the process survive under Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution?” Duquesne University Law Review. 2002. 41: 17 pp.

Conlon, CK. “Urineschool: A study of the impact of the Earls decision on high school random drug testing policies.” Journal of Law & Education. 2003. 32(3): 297-319.

Drug Policy Alliance. “Drug testing fails our youth web site.” Home page. 27 Jan. 2004.

Dugan, TA. “Putting the glee club to the test: Reconsidering mandatory suspionless drug testing of students participating in extracurricular activities.” Journal of Legislation. 2002. 28: various pp.

DuPont, RL; Campbell, TG; Mazzaq, JJ. “Report of a preliminary study: Elements of a successful school-based student drug testing program.” Rockville, MD: United States Department of Education Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program. 2002. 76 pp.

Dusing, BG. “Constitutional standards for suspicionless student drug testing: A moving target.” Kentucky Law Journal. 1999/2000. 88: various pp.

Griffin, SO; Keller, A; Cohn, A. “Developing a drug testing policy at a public university: Participant perspectives.” Public Personnel Management. 2001. 30(3): 467-481.

Gunja, F; Cox, A; Rosenbaum, M; Appel, J. “Making sense of student drug testing: Why educators are saying no.” American Civil Liberties Union and Drug Policy Alliance. 2004. 25 pp.

Howard Jr, RC. “Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton: The right response for drug testing of student athletes.” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy. 1997. 6(2): 17-26.

Kitson, R. "Note: High school students, you're in trouble: How the Seventh Circuit has expanded the scope of permissible suspionless searches in public schools." Wisconsin Law Review. 1999. 32 pp.

Knight, JR; Goodman, El; Pulerwitz, T. “Reliabilities of short substance abuse screening tests among adolescent medical patients.” Pediatrics. 2000. 105(4): 948-953.

Litchman, L. “School can not enforce selective drug-testing policy.” The Legal Intelligencer. 7 November 2000.  various pp.

Manning, JC. “Theodore v. Delaware Valley School District: The Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania holds that a school district's random drug testing of students participating in extracurricular activities is unconstitutional.” Law Widener Journal of Public Law. 2001. 10: various pp.

Martin, JC. “Drug testing all students: The wrong answer to a difficult question.” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy. 1997. 6(2): 123-146.

Martino, S; Grilo, CM; Fehon, DC. “Development of the drug abuse screening test for adolescents (DAST-A).” Addictive Behaviors. 2000. 25(1): 57-70.

Marx, GT. “Challenges of contemporary parenting: Effectively administering drug tests for children.” Privacy Journal. 1998. November: 7-8.

Mawdsley, RD; Russo, CJ. “Drug testing of students in extracurricular activities: An update.” School Business Affairs. 2001. 11(1): 47-51.

Mawdsley, RD. “Random drug testing for extracurricular activities: Has the Supreme Court opened Pandora's box for public schools?” Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal. 2003. various pp.

Mawdsley, RD; Russo, CJ. “The Supreme Court upholds drug testing of student participants in extracurricular activities.” School Business Affairs. 2003. February: 48-52.

McCray, J. “Urine trouble! Extending constitutionality to mandatory suspicionless drug testing of students in extracurricular activities.”  Vanderbilt Law Review. 2000. 53(1): 387-426.

McCutheon, C. “At urging of drug czar, schools look at wider drug testing -- But cautiously.” Newhouse News Service. 14 January 2004. various pp.

Messerle, I. “Trindad School District No. 1 v. Lopez: The Fourth Amendment, random drug testing and the high school marching band.“ University of Pittsburgh Law Review. 2000. 61: 20 pp.

Morag, BS. “Curious rejection of drug testing by America's schools.” Teachers College Record. 1992. 94 (2): 208-253.

National Association of Social Workers. “Social workers disagree with Supreme Court decision to test students for drug use.” 27 June 2002. 

National Federation of State High School Associations. Home page. 27 January 2004.

National Student Drug Testing Steering Committee. Home page. 27 January 2004.

National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. “Teachers. The anti-drug. Teacher’s guide for administrating the test.” 27 January 2004.

Office of National Drug Control Policy. “What you need to know about drug testing in schools.” Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy. 2002. 18 pp.

Oshman, L. “Public school lessons: Setting limits on suspicionless drug testing after Vernonia.” Houston Law Review. 2001. 38: 1313.

Raby, J. “Reclaiming public schools: A proposal for school-wide drug testing.” Cardozo Law Review. 1999.  21(2/3): 999-1039.

Roberts, N; Fossey, R. “Random drug testing of students: Where will the line be drawn?” Journal of Law & Education. 2002. 31: various pp.

Rosenbaum, M. "Experience, research show testing doesn't work." The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 8 June 2003, various pp.

Rosenbaum, M. "Keeping kids off drugs: Pragmatism vs. zero tolerance -- Let science be the guide." San Francisco Chronicle. 2 June 2003, B-7.

Rosenbaum, M. "Stop pointing guns at our kids." Alternet. 8 December 2003. various pp.

Royal, CA. “Expanding the scope of suspicionless drug testing in public schools.” Mercer Law Review. 2003. 54: 15 pp.

Russo, CJ; Gregory, DL. "Legal and ethical issues surrounding drug testing in schools." Law Review of Michigan State University - Detroit College of Law. 1999. 46 pp.

Schackner, B; Cueni-Cohen, J. “Thumbs down on school drug tests: PA. Supreme Court rules on ‘suspicionless’ testing.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 23 November 2003, B-1.

Smiley, JE. “Rethinking the "special needs" doctrine: Suspicionless drug testing of high school students and the narrowing of Fourth Amendment protections.”  Northwestern University School of Law. 2001. 95(2): 491-528.

Thomas, G. “Random suspionless drug testing: Are students no longer afforded Fourth Amendment protections?” New York Law School Journal of International & Comparative Law. 2003. 22: various pp.

United States Department of Justice. “Safe and smart: Making after-school hours work for kids.”   Various pp.

Veytsman, PA. “Drug testing student athletes and fourth amendment privacy: The legal aftermath of Veronia v. Acton.” Temple Law Review. 2000. 73(1): 295-329.

Williams, CF. “Supreme court roundup: Charles F. Williams discusses recent cases involving student-graded classroom work, school urinalysis drug testing, and a permit requirement for door to-door activist advocates.” Insights on Law & Society. 2002. 2(2): 24-25.

Winter, G. “Study finds no sign that testing deters students’ drug use.” New York Times 17 May 2003, A1+.

Yamaguchi, K; Johnston, LD.; O'Malley, PM. “Relationship between student illicit drug use and school drug-testing policies.” Journal of School Health. 2003. 73(4): 59-164.

Yamaguchi, R., Johnston, Lloyd D., & O'Malley, Patrick M. Drug testing in schools: Policies, practices, and association with student drug use. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. 2003. 42 p.

Zill, N; Winqust Nord, C; Spencer Loomis, L. “Adolescent time use, risky behaviors and outcomes.” 1995. various pp. 

Drug testing and criminal justice system

Crowe, AH; Bilchik, S. “Drug identification and testing in the Juvenile Justice System: Summary.” Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). 1998. 82 pp.

Fraser, AD; Zamecnik, J; Keravel, J; et al. “Experience with urine drug testing by the correctional service of Canada.” Forensic Science International. 2001. 121: 16-22.

Dasgupta, A; Wahed, A; Wells, A. “Rapid spot test for detecting the presence of adulterants in urine specimens submitted for drug testing.” American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002. 117: 325-329.

Kleiman, MAR. “Controlling drug use and crime with testing, sanctions and treatment.” In: Heymann, Philip B.; Brownsberger, William N., Drug addiction and drug policy: the struggle to control dependence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2001. 168-192.

Mieczkowski, T; Lersch, KM. “Drug-testing police officers and police recruits: The outcome of urinalysis and hair analysis compared.” Policing. 2002. 25(3): 581-601.

Mieczkowski, T. “Does ADAM need a haircut? A pilot study of self-reported drug use and hair analysis is an arrestee sample.” Journal of Drug Issues. 2002. 32(1): 97-118.

Rydel, PK. “Symposium on drug crimes: Penal jurisprudence in punishment and treatment.” Albany Law Review. 2000. 63(3): 961 pp.

Smith, P; Hood, RH. “Is it unconstitutional for hospitals to provide drug-test results to law enforcement officials.” Supreme Court Debates. 2000. 3(8): 236-255.

Wish, ED; O'Neil, J; Crawford, C; Baldau, V. “Lost opportunity to combat AIDS: Drug abusers in the criminal justice system: An update.” In: Mieczkowski, Thomas, Ed., Drugs, crime, and social policy: Research, issues, and concerns.” Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1992. 278-298.

Drug testing and Public Benefits

Carey, C. “Crafting a challenge to the practice of drug testing welfare recipients: Federal welfare reform and state response as the most recent chapter in the war on drugs.” Buffalo Law Review. 1998. 46: 281-345.

MacDonald, SB; Bois, C; Brands, B; et al. “Drug testing and mandatory treatment for welfare recipients.” International Journal of Drug Policy. 2001. 12(3): 249-257.

Nakashian, MR; Moore, EA. “Identifying substance abuse among TANF eligible families.” Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment 2001. 41 pp.

Pollack, HA; Danziger, S; Jayakody, R Seefeldt, KS. “Drug testing welfare recipients: False positives, false negatives, unanticipated opportunities.” Women's Health. 2002. 12(1): 23-31.

Drug testing and pregnancy

Abrahamson, DN; Goldberg, DT; Waldman, A. “Amicus Curiae Brief: Crystal M. Ferguson, et al. v. the City of Charleston, South Carolina, et al.” Washington, DC: Press of Byron S. Adams. 1999. 20 pp.

Gagan, BJ. “Ferguson v. City of Charleston, South Carolina: "Fetal abuse," Drug testing and the Fourth Amendment.” Stanford Law Review. 2001. 53(2): 491-528.

Goldberg, DT; Abrahamson, D; Waldman, A. “Amicus Curiae Brief: Crystal M. Ferguson, et al., Petitioners, v. The City of Charleston, South Carolina, et al., Respondents.” Washington, DC: Supreme Court of the United States. 2000. 30 pp.

Gostin, LO. “Rights of pregnant women: The Supreme Court and drug testing.” Hastings Center Report. 2001. Sept. /Oct.: 8-9.

Smith, FP; Kidwell, DA. “Cocaine in hair, saliva, skin swabs, and urine of cocaine users' children.”
Forensic Science International. 1996. 83(3): 179-189.

Smith, P; Hood, RH. “Is it unconstitutional for hospitals to provide drug-test results to law enforcement officials.” Supreme Court Debates. 2000. 3(8): 236-255.

Thomas, G. “Drug-testing of pregnant women: The Fourth Amendment and America's war against  narcotics.” Supreme Court Debates. 2000. 3(8): 225-235.

Vaughn, C. “Circumventing the Fourth Amendment via the special needs doctrine to prosecute pregnant drug users: Ferguson v. City of Charleston.” South Carolina Law Review. 2000. 51(3): 671-698.

Drug testing and sports

Bowers, LD. “Athletic drug testing.” Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1998. 17(2): 299-318.

Diacin, MJ; Parks, JB; Allison, PC. “Voices of male athletes on drug use, drug testing, and the existing order in intercollegiate athletics.” Journal of Sport Behavior. 2003. 26(1): 1-16.

Goldberg, L; Elliot, DL; MacKinnon, DP; Moe, E; et al. “Drug testing athletes to prevent substance abuse: Background and pilot study results of the SATURN (Student Athlete Testing Using Random Notification) study.” Journal of Adolescent Health. 2003. 32(1): 16-25.

Haley, KM. “The politics of performance-enhancing drug testing in Olympic sports with a case study on track and field.”  Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. 1992. 139 pp.

Harrison, AL. “Urinating on the Pennsylvania constitution? Drug testing of high school athletes and Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania constitution.” Dickinson Law Review. 2000. 369-408

HBO Home Video. “Real Sports: Student drug testing.” HBO Home Video. 2003. 15 mins.

Howard, Jr, RC. “Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton: The right response for drug testing of student athletes.” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy. 1997. 6(2): 17-26.

Lee, B. “Drug testing and the confused athlete: A look at the differing athletic drug testing programs in high school, college and the Olympics.” Florida Coastal Law Journal. 2001. 3: 91-end.

Malloy, DC; Zakus, DH. “Ethics of drug testing in sport - An invasion of privacy justified?” Sport, Education and Society. 2002. 203-218.

National Federation of State High School Associations. “Sports and the courts.” 1995. 22(1): various pp.

Taylor, R. “Compensating behavior and the drug testing of high school athletes.” Cato Journal. 1997. 16(3): various pp.

Sports-Drugs. 27 January 2004.

SportSafe Testing Service. Home page. 27 January 2004.

Veytsman, PA. “Drug testing student athletes and fourth amendment privacy: The legal aftermath of Veronia v. Acton.” Temple Law Review. 2000. 73(1): 295-329.