Heroin Overdose Bibliography

• * * * : Notable publications
• Overview: publications that cover broad heroin overdose topics
• Risk factors: publications that address factors associated with heroin overdose and complications of overdose
• Prevention: publications that focus on policies and programs intended to prevent heroin overdoses and improve medical or peer response
• Maintenance: publications that examine the role of maintenance treatments in overdose prevention
• Naloxone: publications that discuss the role of naloxone in reversing opiate overdose as administered by medical personnel and by drug users
• Report: data and analyses of heroin overdoses in certain localities

Bibliography

Heroin Overdose

Abbasi, Kamran. "Deaths from heroin overdose are preventable." BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1998, January 31. 316(7168): 327. (for full text) Naloxone

Aderjan, Rolf; Hofmann, Sybille; Schmitt, Georg; Skopp, Gisela. "Morphine and morphine glucuronides in serum of heroin consumers and in heroin-related deaths determined by HPLC with native fluorescence detection." Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1995. 19(3): 163-168. Risk factors

Anonymous. "A new type of drug overdose: Scopolamine poisoning in heroin users?" Journal of Emergency Nursing. 1997, February. 23(1): 57-58.Risk factors

Anonymous. "Unintentional opiate overdose deaths--King County, Washington, 1990-1999." MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2000, July 21. 49(28): 636-640. Report

Bach, Peter B.; Lantos, John. "Methadone dosing, heroin affordability, and the severity of addiction." American Journal of Public Health. 1999, May. 89(5): 662-665.Risk factors

Bammer, Gabriele; Ostini, Remo; Sengoz, Ayse. "Using ambulance service records to examine nonfatal heroin overdoses." Australian Journal of Public Health. 1995. 19(3): 316-317. Risk factors

Bammer, Gabriele; Sengoz, Ayse. "Non-fatal heroin overdoses." Medical Journal of Australia. 1994, November. 161: 572-573. Risk factors

Bammer, Gabriele; Sengoz, Ayse. "The Canberra Christmas overdoses mystery." Drug and Alcohol Review. 1995. Report 14: 235-237. Risk factors

Best, David; Gossop, Michael; Lehmann, Petra. "Relationship between overdose and alcohol consumption maintenance among methadone maintenance patients." Journal of Substance Use. 1999. 4(1): 41-44. Risk factors

Brandt, Michael David. "Opening the casket: An analysis of alcohol and heroin overdoses: Myths, misattributions, and misunderstandings." Unpublished dissertation available from UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, MI. 1996. 121 p. Overview

Brecher, Edward M.; Editors of Consumer Reports Magazine. "The 'heroin overdose' mystery and other occupational hazards of addiction." In: Brecher, Edward M.; Editors of Consumer Reports Magazine. Licit and illicit drugs: The Consumers Union report on narcotics, stimulants, depressants, inhalants, hallucinogens, and marijuana; Including caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.1972. 101-114. (for full text) Overview

Brzozowski, Michael; Shih, Richard D.; Bania, Theodore C.; et al. "Discharging heroin overdose patients after observation [Letter]." Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1993, October. 22(10): 163. Prevention

Cain, J. Vincent.; Office of the Chief Coroner, Task Force into Illicit Narcotic Overdose Deaths in British Columbia. Report of the Task Force into Illicit Narcotic Overdose Deaths in British Columbia [also known as Report The Cain report]. Burnaby, British Columbia: Office of the Chief Coroner. 1994. 110 p. * * * Risk factors

Cairns, Alison; Roberts, Ian S. D.; Benbow, Emyr W. "Characteristics of fatal methadone overdose in Manchester, 1985-94." BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1996, August 3. 313: 264-265. (for full text) Maintenance; Report

Caplehorn, John R. M. "Risk factors for non-HIV-related deaths among methadone maintenance patients." European Addiction Research. 1996. 2: 49-52. Maintenance

Caplehorn, John R. M.; Dalton, M.; Stella Y. N.; et al. "Methadone maintenance and addicts’ risk of fatal heroin overdose." Substance Use and Misuse. 1996. 31(2): 177-196. Maintenance; * * *

Caplehorn, John R. M.; Dalton, M.; Stella Y. N.; et al. "Retention in methadone maintenance and heroin addicts’ risk of death." Addiction. 1994. 89: 203-207. Maintenance

Chamberlain, James M.; Klein, Bruce L. "A comprehensive review of naloxone for the emergency physician." American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994, November. 12(6): 650-660. Naloxone

Cone, Edward J.; Welch, P.; Mitchell, J. M.; Paul, B. D. "Forensic drug testing for opiates: 1. Detection of 6-acetylmorphine in urine as an indicator of recent heroin exposure; Drug and assay considerations and detection times." Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1991. 15: 1-7. Risk factors

Cook, Stephane; Moeschler, Olivier; Michaud, Katarzyna; Yersin, Bertrand. "Acute opiate overdose: Characteristics of 190 consecutive cases." Addiction. 1998. 93(10): 1559-1565.* * *  Report

Cullen W.; Bury G.; Langton D. "Experience of heroin overdose among drug users attending general practice." British Journal of General Practice. 2000, July. 50(456): 546-549. Report

Darke, Shane. "Attacking overdose on the home front [Letter]." Addiction. 1999. 94(2): 205-206. Prevention

Darke, Shane; Hall, Wayne. "The distribution of naloxone to heroin users." Addiction. 1997. 92(9): 1195-1199. Naloxone

Darke, Shane; Ross, Joanne. "Fatal heroin overdoses resulting from non-injecting routes of administration, NSW, Australia, 1992-1996." Addiction. 2000. 95(4): 569-573. Fatal Overdose

Darke, Shane; Hall, Wayne; Weatherburn, Don; Lind, Bronwyn. "Fluctuations in heroin purity and the incidence of fatal heroin overdose." Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1999. 54: 155-161.* * * Risk factors

Darke, Shane; Ross, Joanne. "Heroin-related deaths in South Western Sydney, Australia, 1992-96." Drug and Alcohol Review. 1999. 18: 39-45. Report

Darke, Shane; Ross, Joanne. "Overdose risk perceptions and behaviours among heroin users in Sydney, Australia." European Addiction Research. 1997, April. 3(2): 87-92. Risk factors

Darke, Shane; Ross, Joanne; Hall, Wayne. "Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia: I. Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose." Addiction. 1996. 91(3): 405-411. Risk factors

Darke, Shane; Ross, Joanne; Hall, Wayne. "Overdose among heroin users in Sydney, Australia: II. Responses to overdose." Addiction. 1996. 91(3): 413-417. * * *;  Prevention

Darke, Shane; Sunjic, S.; Zador, Deborah; Prolov, T. "A comparison of blood toxicology of heroin-related deaths and current heroin users in Sydney, Australia." Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1997. 47: 45-53. * * *; Risk factors

Darke, Shane; Zador, Deborah. "Fatal heroin overdose: A review." Addiction. 1996. 91(12): 1765-1772. Risk factors

Davoli, Marina; Perucci, Carlo A.; Forastiere, Francesco; et al. "Risk factors for overdose mortality: A case-control study within a cohort of intravenous drug users." International Journal of Epidemiology. 1993. 22(2): 273-277.  Risk factors

Davoli, Marina; Perucci, Carlo A.; Rapiti, Elisabetta; et al. "A persistent rise in mortality among injection drug users in Rome, 1980 through 1992." American Journal of Public Health. 1997. 87(5): 851-853.Report

De La Torre, Rafael; Cami, Jordi. "More on opioid overdose." Addiction. 1999. 94(7): 976. Risk factors

Derricott, Jon; Preston, Andrew; Hunt, Neil. "Overdose, systematic infections and other ‘non-local’ damage." In: Derricott, Jon; Preston, Andrew; Hunt, Neil, The Safer injecting briefing: An easy to use comprehensive reference guide to promoting safer injecting. Liverpool: HIT. 1999. 83-92. Prevention

Desmond, David P.; Maddux, James F.; Trevino, Aureliano. "Street heroin potency and deaths from overdose in San Antonio." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1978. 5(1): 39-49. * * *; Risk factors

Dettmeyer R.; Schmidt P.; Musshoff F.; Dreisvogt C.; Madea B. "Pulmonary edema in fatal heroin overdose: Immunohistological investigations with IgE, collagen IV and laminin - no increase of defects of alveolar-capillary membranes." Forensic Science International. 2000, May 15. 110(2): 87-96. Fatal Overdose

Donoghoe, Martin C.; Hall, Wayne; World Health Organization. Opioid overdose: Trends, risk factors, Overview interventions and priorities for action. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1998. 35 p.* * *

Dukes, P. D.; Robinson, G. M.; Robinson, B. J. "Mortality of intravenous drug users: Attenders of the Wellington Drug Clinic, 1972-1989." Drug and Alcohol Review. 1992. 11: 197-201. Report

Farrell, Michael; Neeleman, Jan; Griffiths, Paul; Strang, John. "Suicide and overdose among opiate addicts." Addiction. 1996. 91(3): 321-323. Risk factors

Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Medical Examiners Commission. Heroin toxicity deaths in Florida in 1998. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Law Enforcement. 1999, March. 17 p. Report

Force, Elizabeth E.; Fisher, Russel S.; Millar, Jack W. "Epidemiological and ecological study of risk factors for narcotics overdose." Archives of Environmental Health. 1973, March. 26: 111-119. Risk factors

Frischer, M.; Bloor, M.; Goldberg, D.; et al. "Mortality among injecting drug users: A critical reappraisal." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1993. 47: 59-63. * * *; Risk factors

Frischer, M.; Goldberg, D.; Rahman, M.; Berney, L. "Mortality and survival among a cohort of drug injectors in Glasgow, 1982-1994." Addiction. 1997. 92: 419-427. Report

Fry, Craig; Fox, Sandra; Rumbold, Greg. "Establishing safe injecting rooms in Australia: Attitudes of injecting drug users." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 1999. 23(5): 501-504. Prevention

Fugelstad, Anna; Agren, Gunnar; Romelsjo, Anders. "Changes in mortality, arrests, and hospitalizations in nonvoluntarily treated heroin addicts in relation to methadone treatment." Substance Use and Misuse. 1998. 33(14): 2803-2817. Maintenance

Gaddis, Gary M.; Watson, William A. "Naloxone-associated patient violence: An overlooked toxicity?" Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992, February. 26(2): 196-198. Naloxone

Gallerani, Massimo; Manfredini, Roberto; Dal Monte, D.; Calo, Girolamo; Brunaldi V.; Simonato M. "Circadian differences in the individual sensitivity to opiate overdose." Critical Care Medicine. 2001, January. 29(1): 96-101. Report

Garrick T. M.; Sheedy D.; Abernethy J.; Hodda A. E.; Harper C. G. "Heroin-related deaths in Sydney, Australia. How common are they?" American Journal of Addiction. 2000, Spring. 9(2): 172-178. Report

Goldberger, Bruce A.; Cone, Edward J.; Grant, Terrance; et al. "Disposition of heroin and its metabolites in heroin-related deaths." Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1994, January/February. 18: 22-28. Risk factors

Gossop, Michael; Griffiths, Paul; Powis, Beverly; et al. "Frequency of non-fatal heroin overdose: Survey of heroin users recruited in non-clinical settings." BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1996, August 16. 313: 402. * * *; Risk factors

Gronbladh, L.; Ohland, L. S.; Gunne, L. M. "Mortality in heroin addiction: Impact of methadone treatment." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1990. 82: 223-227. Maintenance

Grund, Jean-Paul C. "Health consequences of chasing and injection: A comparison." In: Grund, Jean-Paul C., Drug use as a social ritual: Functionality, symbolism and determinants of self-regulation. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Instituut voor Verslavingsonderzoek (IVO). 1993. 129-145. IVO series, no. 4. Risk factors

Gutierrez-Cebollada, J.; de la Torre, R.; Ortuno, J.; et al. "Psychotropic drug consumption and other factors associated with heroin overdose." Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1994. 35: 169-174. Risk factors

Haarstrup, S.; Jepson, P. W. "Eleven year follow-up of 300 young opioid addicts." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1988. 77: 22-26. Report

Hall, Wayne D., Ed. Proceedings of an International Opioid Overdose Symposium held in Sydney, Australia, 14-15 August, 1997. Sydney, Australia: Drug and Alcohol Services Council. 1997. Drug and Alcohol Services Council Monograph No. 35. * * *; Overview

Hall, Wayne D.; Degenhardt, Louisa J.; Lynskey, Michael T. "Opioid overdose mortality in Australia, 1964-1997: Birth-cohort trends." Medical Journal of Australia. 1999. 171: 34-37. Report

Hall, Wayne D. "How can we reduce heroin ‘overdose’ deaths? [Editorial]." Medical Journal of Australia. 1996, February 19. 164: 197-198. Prevention 

Hall, Wayne. "Reducing the toll of opioid overdose in Australia." Drug and Alcohol Review. 1999. 18(2): 213-220. * * *; Prevention; Naloxone

Hall, Wayne; Darke, Shane. "Trends in opiate overdose deaths in Australia: 1979-1995." Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998. 52: 71-77. Report

Henry, John A. "Fatal opioid toxicity: A clinical perspective." Addiction. 1999. 94(7): 974. Risk factors

Henry, John A. "A project which deserves support [Letter]." Addiction. 1999. 94(2): 206. Naloxone

Huber, Douglas H. "Heroin deaths: Mystery or overdose? [Editorial]." JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974. 229: 689-690.Report

Hulse, G. K.; English, D. R.; Milne, E.; Holman, C. D. J. "The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates." Addiction. 1999, February. 94(2): 221-229. Risk factors; Prevention

Hung, Oliver L.; Hoffman, Robert S. "Reversal of opioid intoxication." CNS Drugs. 1997. 7(3): 176-186. Prevention

Joe, George W.; Simpson, D. D. "Mortality rates among opioid addicts in a longitudinal study." American Journal of Public Health. 1987, March. 77(3): 347-348. Risk factors

Kaa, Elizabet. "Drug abuse in western Denmark during the eighties. II. Fatal poisonings among drug abusers." Forensic Science International. 1992. 55(1):75-82. Risk factors; Report

Kaa, Elisabet. "Impurities, adulterants and dilutents of illicit heroin. Changes during a 12-year period." Forensic Science International. 1994. 64: 171-179. Risk factors

Kalter, Henry D.; Ruttenber, A. James; Zack, Matthew M. "Temporal clustering of heroin overdoses in Washington, DC." Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1989. 34(1): 156-163. Risk factors; Report

Killias, Martin; Aebi, Marcelo; Ribeaud, Denis. "Effects of heroin prescription on police contacts among drug addicts." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 1998. 6: 433-438. * * *; Maintenance

King County Medical Examiner’s Office, Epidemiology, Planning and Evaluation Unit. Opiate-related deaths in King County, 1996 to 1998. Seattle, WA: King County Medical Examiner’s Office. 1999, May 27. 5 p. Report

Kintz, P.; Mangin, P.; Lugnier, A. A.; Chaumont, A. J. "Toxicological data after heroin overdose." Human Toxicology. 1989. 8: 487-489. Risk factors

Kjelsberg, E.; Winther, M.; Dahl, A. A. "Overdose deaths in young substance abusers: Accidents or hidden suicides?" Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995. 91: 236-242. Risk factors

Kral, Alex H.; Blumenthal, Ricky N.; Lorvick, Jennifer; et al. "Non-fatal overdose among IDUs in San Francisco Bay area." Presented at Second National Harm Reduction Conference, Cleveland, Ohio, October 1998. Risk factors

Kronstrand, Robert; Grundin, Robert; Jonsson, John. "Incidence of opiates, amphetamines, and cocaine in hair and blood in fatal cases of heroin overdose." Forensic Science International. 1998. 92: 29-38. Risk factors

Kumar R.; West D. M.; Jingree M.; Laurence A. S. "Unusual consequences of heroin overdose: rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, paraplegia and hypercalcaemia." British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999, September. 83(3): 496-498. Non-Fatal Overdose

Langendam, Miranda W.; van Brussel, Giel H.A.; Coutinho, Roel A.; van Ameijden, Erik J. C. "The Impact of harm-reduction-based methadone treatment on mortality among heroin users." American Journal of Public Health. 2001, May. 91(5): 774-780. Prevention/Response

Lenton, Simon; Hargreaves, Kim M. "Should we conduct a trial of distributing naloxone to heroin users for peer administration to prevent fatal overdose." Medical Journal of Australia. 2000, September 4. 173: 260-263. Prevention/Response

Levine, Barry; Green, Deborah; Smialek, John E. "The role of ethanol in heroin deaths." Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1995, September. 40(5): 808-810.Risk factors

Louria, D. B.; Hensle, T.; Rose, J. "The major medical complications of heroin addiction." Annals of Internal Medicine. 1967, July. 67(1): 1-22. Overview

Lynskey, Michael; Hall, Wayne. "Jurisdictional trends in opioid overdose deaths, 1998-1996." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 1998. 22(7): 802-807. Report

MacPherson, Donald; Comprehensive systems for care for drug users in Switzerland and Frankfurt, Germany: Report from the 10th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm and a tour of harm reduction services in Frankfurt, Germany. Vancouver: City of Vancouver, Social Planning Department. 1999. 21 p. Prevention

Manfredini, Roberto; Gallerani, Massimo; Calo, Girolamo; et al. "Emergency admissions of opioid drug abusers for overdose: A chronobiological study of enhanced risk." Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994. 24(4): 615-618. Risk factors

Marzuk, Peter M.; Tardiff, Kenneth; Leon, Andrew C.; et al. "Poverty and fatal accidental drug overdoses of cocaine and opiates in New York City: An ecological study." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1997. 23(2): 221-228.Risk factors

McGregor, Catherine; Darke, Shane; Ali, Robert; et al. "Experience of non-fatal overdose among heroin users in Adelaide, Australia: Circumstances and risk perceptions." Addiction. 1998. 93(5): 701-711. Risk factors; *** 

McGregor, Catherine; Hall, Katrina; Ali, Robert. It’s rarely just the ‘h’: Addressing overdose among South Australian heroin users through a process of intersectoral collaboration. Parkside, Australia: Drug and Alcohol Services Council. 1999. 131 p. Drug and Alchohol Services Council Monograph No. 2 (Research Series). * * * Overview

Mendelson, John; Jones, Reese T.; Fernandez, Isabella; et al. "Buprenorphine and naloxone interactions in opiate-dependent volunteers." Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996, July. 60: 105-114. Naloxone

Merrill, John; Garvey, Tim; Rosson, Chris. "Methadone concentrations taken as indicating deaths due to overdose need to be reviewed [Letter]." BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1996, December 7. 313: 1481. Risk factors; Maintenance

Neale, Joanne. "Suicidal intent in non-fatal illicit drug overdose." Addiction. 2000. 95(1): 85-93. Non-Fatal Overdose 

Neal, Joseph M. "Complications of naloxone [Letter]." Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1988, July. 17(7): 765-766. Naloxone

Neal, Joseph M.; Owens, Brian D.; Wright, Seth W. "Hazards of antagonizing narcotic sedation with naloxone [Letter]." Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1993, January. 22(1): 184-185. Naloxone

Neeleman, Jan; Farrell, Michael. "Fatal methadone and heroin overdoses: Time trends in England and Wales." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1997. 51: 435-437. Report; Maintenance

Obafunwa, J. O.; Busuttil, A. "Deaths from substance overdose in the Lothian and Borders region of Scotland (1983-1991)." Human and Experimental Toxicology. 1994. 13: 401-406. Report 

Oppenheimer, Edna; Tobutt, Clive; Taylor, Colin; Andrew, Toby "Death and survival in a cohort of heroin addicts from London clinics: A 22-year follow-up study." Addiction. 1994. 89: 1299-1308. Report 

Oregon State Medical Examiner’s Office. State Medical Examiner’s Office releases first quarter drug related deaths statistics. 1999, April 12. 3 p. (for full text) Report 

Osterwalder, Joseph J. "Naloxone: For intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures—harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study." Clinical Toxicology. 1996. 34(4): 409-416. Maintenance 

Perucci, Carlo A.; Davoli, Marina; Rapitii, E.; et al. "Mortality of intravenous drug users in Rome: A cohort study." American Journal of Public Health. 1991, October. 81(10): 1307-1310. Report 

Phillips, David P.; Christenfeld, Nicholas; Ryan, Natalie, M. "An increase in the number of deaths in the United States in the first week of the month." New England Journal of Medicine. 1999. 341(2): 93-98. Risk factors 

Phillips P.; Johnson F. "Preventing heroin overdose." Nursing Standard. 2000, March 1-7. 14(24): 31. Prevention/Response

Powis, Beverly; Strang, John; Griffiths, Paul; et al. "Self-reported overdose among injecting drug users in London: Extent and nature of the problem." Addiction. 1999, April. 94(4): 471-478. Prevention 

Puschel, Klaus. "Drug-related death: An update." Forensic Science International. 1993. 62: 121-128. Risk factors 

Puschel, Klaus; Teschke, Frank; Castrup, Ursula. "Etiology of accidental/unexpected overdose in drug-induced deaths." Forensic Science International. 1993. 62: 129-134. Risk factors

Quaglio, Gianluca; Talamini, Giorgio; Lechi, Alessandro, et al. "Study of 2,708 heroin-related deaths in north-eastern Italy 1985-1998 to establish the main causes of death." Addiction. 2001, August. 96(8): 1127-1137. Report

Reilly, David; Ray, John E.; Day, Richard O.; et al. "Classification of overdose/self-poisoning presentations to an accident and emergency department." International Journal of the Addictions. 1987. 22(10): 941-955.Report

Remskar, Mojca; Noc, Marko; Leskovsek, Bojan; Horvat, Matija. "Profound circulatory shock following heroin overdose." Resuscitation. 1998. 38: 51-53. Risk factors

Rice E. K.; Isbel N. M.; Becker G. J.; Atkins R. C.; McMahon L. P. "Heroin overdose and myoglobinuric acute renal failure." Clinical Nephrology. 2000, December. 54(6): 449-454. Non-Fatal Overdose

Risser, D.; Schneider, B. "Drug-related deaths between 1985 and 1992 examined at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Vienna, Austria." Addiction. 1994. 89: 851-857. Report 

Roth, Brett A.; Benowitz, Neal L.; Olson, Kent R. "Emergency management of drug abuse-related disorders." In: Karch, Steven B., Ed., Drug abuse handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 1998. 567-639. Prevention 

Ruttenber, A. James; Luke, James L. "Heroin-related deaths: New epidemiologic insights." Science. 1984. 226: 14-20.Risk factors

Salvucci, Angelo A.; Eckstein, Marc; Iscovich, Angel L.; et al. "Submental injection of naloxone [Letter]." Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995, May. 25(5): 719. Naloxone 

Sanchez, Jose; Rodriguez, Begona; de la Fuente, Luis. "State Information System on Drug Abuse (SEIT) Working Group. Opiates or cocaine: Mortality from acute reactions in six major Spanish cities." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1995. 49: 54-60. Report 

Schwartz, Jeffrey A.; Koenigsberg, Max D. "Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema." Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1987, November. 16(11): 1294-1296. Naloxone

Seaman, S. R.; Brettle, R. P.; Gore, Sheila M. "Mortality from overdose among injecting drug users recently released from prison: Database linkage study." BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1998. 316(7129): 426-428.  Risk factors 

Seidler, D.; Stuhlinger, G. H.; Fischer, Gabriele; et al. "After antagonization of acute opiate overdose: A survey at hospitals in Vienna." Addiction. 1996. 91(10): 1479-1487. Naloxone 

Seidler, D.; Schmeiser-Rieder, A.; Schlarp, O.; Laggner, A N. "Heroin and opiate emergencies in Vienna: Analysis at the municipal ambulance service." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2000, July. 53(7): 734-741. Prevention/Response

Siegel, Shepard; Hinson, Riley E.; Krank, Marvin D.; McCully, Jane. "Heroin ‘overdose’ death: Contribution of drug-associated environmental cues." Science. 1982, April 23. 216: 436-437. * * * ; Risk factors

Siegel, Shepard. "Pavlovian conditioning and heroin overdose: Reports by overdose victims." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 1984. 22(5): 428-430. Risk factors 

Siegel, Shepard; Ellsworth, D. W. "Pavlovian conditioning and death from apparent overdose of medically prescribed morphine: A case report." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 1986. 24: 278-280. Risk factors 

Siegel, Shepard; Kim, J. A. "Absence of cross-tolerance and the situation-specificity of tolerance." Palliative Medicine. Forthcoming.

Simini, Bruno. "Naloxone supplies to Italian heroin addicts." Lancet. 1998, September 19. 352: 967. Risk factors; Naloxone 

Skoop, G.; Lutz, R.; Ganbmann, B.; et al. "Postmortem distribution pattern of morphine and morphine glucuronides in heroin overdose." International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1996. 109: 118-124. Risk

Smith, David A.; Leake, Lawrence; Loflin, James Randall; Yealy, Donald M. "Is admission after intravenous heroin overdose necessary?" Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1992, November. 21: 1326-1330.* * *; Prevention 

Sorensen, James L.; London, Julie; Tusel, Donald; et al. "Mass media as drug users’ key information source on overdoses." American Journal of Public Health. 1992, September. 82(9): 1294-1295. * * *; Prevention

Sporer, Karl A. "Acute heroin overdose." Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999. 130(7):584-590. * * *; Overview

Steentoft, A.; Worm, K.; Pedersen, C. B.; et al. "Drugs in blood samples from unconscious drug addicts after intake of an overdose." International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1996. 108: 248-251. Risk factors 

Strang, John. "Take-home naloxone: The next steps [Letter]." Addiction. 1999, February. 94(2): 207. Naloxone

Strang, John; Darke, Shane; Hall, Wayne; et al. "Heroin overdose: The case for take-home naloxone [Editorial]." BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1996, June 6. 312(7044): 1435. Naloxone 

Strang, John; Farrell, Michael. "Harm minimisation for drug misusers: When second best may be best first." BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1992, May 2. 304: 1127-1128. Prevention

Strang, John; Griffiths, Paul; Powis, Beverly; et al. "Which drugs cause overdose among opiate misusers? Study of personal and witnessed overdoses." Drug and Alcohol Review. 1999. 18: 253-261. Risk factors 

Strang, John; Powis, Beverly; Best, David; et al. "Preventing opiate overdose fatalities with take-home naloxone: Pre-launch study of possible impact and acceptability." Addiction. 1999. 94(2): 199-204. * * *; Naloxone

Sullivan, Lucy G. "Interpreting our drug mortality statistics: Holes in the data on illegal drugs." Medical Journal of Australia. 1994, November 7. 161(8): 569-570. Report

Tagliaro, Franco; De Battisti, Zeno. "‘Heroin overdose’ is often the truer description." Addiction. 1999. 94(7): 973-974. Risk factors

Tagliaro, Franco; De Battisti, Zeno; Smith, Federick P.; Marigo, Mario. "Death from heroin overdose: Findings from hair analysis." Lancet. 1998. 351: 1923-1925. * * *; Risk factors

Tardiff, Kenneth; Marzuk, Peter M.; Leon, Andrew C. "Accidental fatal drug overdoses in New York City: 1990-1992." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1996. 22(2): 135-146. Report

Tardiff, Kenneth; Marzuk, Peter M.; Leon, Andrew C.; et al. "HIV infection among victims of accidental fatal drug overdoses in New York City." Addiction. 1997. 92(8): 1017-1022.Risk factors

Torralba, L.; Brugal, M. T.; Villalbi, J. R.; et al. "Mortality due to acute adverse drug reactions: Opiates and cocaine in Barcelona, 1989-1993." Addiction. 1996. 91(3): 419-426. Report

Tunving, K. "Fatal outcome in drug addiction." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998. 77: 551-566. Risk factors

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, Office of Applied Studies. Drug Abuse Warning Network annual medical examiner data 1996. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1998. 93 p. Report

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, Office of Applied Studies. Mid-year 1998 preliminary emergency department data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999. 108 p. Report 

Vilke G. M.; Buchanan J.; Dunford J. V.; Chan T. C. "Are heroin overdose deaths related to patient release after prehospital treatment with naloxone?" Prehospital Emergency Care. 1999, July-September. 3(3): 183-6. Fatal Overdose

Vincent, A.; Perret, C. "Hospital morbidity and mortality of acute opiate intoxication." Presse Medicale. 1990. 19: 1403-1406. Prevention 

Walsh, R. A. "Opioid drug accidental deaths in the Newcastle area of New South Wales, 1970-1987." Drug and Alcohol Review. 1991. 10: 79-83. Report

Wanger, Karen; Brough, Laura; Macmillan, Ian. "Intravenous vs. subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose." Academic Emergency Medicine. 1998, April. 5(4): 293-299.Naloxone

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