Australia

Advisory Committee on Illicit Drugs.
Cannabis and the law in Queensland: A discussion paper. Queensland, Australia: Criminal Justice Commission. 1993.

Ali, Robert; Christie, Paul, Eds.
Report of the National Task Force on Cannabis. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1994. 47 p.

Ali, Robert; Allsop, Steve; Christie, Paul; Hawks, David; Hall, Wayne; Lenton, Simon.
The social impacts of the Cannabis Expiation Notices Scheme in South Australia. Canberra, Australia: Department of Health and Family Services. 1998. 58 p. Presented to the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy, May 4, 1998.

Atkinson, Lynn; McDonald, David.
"Cannabis, the law and social impacts in Australia." Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. 1995. 48.

Christie, Paul.
The effects of cannabis legislation in South Australia on levels of cannabis use. Parkside, Australia: Drug and Alcohol Services Council. 1991. 39 p.

Christie, Paul; Ali, Robert.
"The operation and effects of the cannabis laws in South Australia." In: McDonald, D.; Atkinson, L., Eds., Social impacts of the legislative options for cannabis in Australia (phase 1 research): A report to the National Drug Strategy Committee. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology. 1995.

Criminal Justice Commission.
Report on cannabis and the law in Queensland. Brisbane, Australia: Criminal Justice Commission. 1994. 114 p.

Department of the Attorney General, Office of Crime Statistics.
Cannabis: The expiation notice approach. Adelaide, Australia: Department of the Attorney General. 1989.

Donnelly, Neil; Hall, Wayne; Christie, Paul.
"The effects of partial decriminalisation on cannabis use in South Australia." Australian Journal of Public Health. 1995. 9: 281-287.

Donnelly, Neil.
Patterns of cannabis use in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1993. 106 p. National Drug Strategy; Monograph Series, no. 27.

Heale, P.; Hawks, David; Lenton, Simon.
Public awareness, knowledge and attitudes regarding the Cannabis Expiation Notice System in South Australia. Unpublished.

Hummenuik, R.; Brooks, A.; Christie, Paul; Ali, Robert; Lenton, Simon.
Characterisation, social impact and outcomes of receiving a Cannabis Expiation Notice in South Australia. Unpublished.

Lenton, Simon.
Cannabis offenders in the Western Australian criminal justice system. 1993-1995. Unpublished.

Lenton, Simon; Ovenden, Claudia.
"Community attitudes to cannabis use in Western Australia." Journal of Drug Issues. 1996. 26(4): 783-804.

Lenton, Simon; Ferrante, A.; Loh, N.
"Dope busts in the west: Minor cannabis offences in the Western Australian criminal justice system." Drug and Alcohol Review. 1996. 15(4): 335-341.

Lenton, Simon; Christie, Paul; Hummenuik, R.; Brooks, A.; Bennett, M.; Heale, P.
Infringement versus conviction: The social impact of a minor cannabis offence under a civil penalties system and strict prohibition in two Australian states. Unpublished.

Lenton, Simon; Bennett, M.; Heale, P.
The social impact of a minor cannabis offence under strict prohibition: The case of Western Australia. Unpublished.

McDonald, David.
Legislative options for cannabis in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1994. 110 p. National Drug Strategy; Monograph Series, no. 26.

Royal Commission into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, South Australia.
Cannabis: A discussion paper. Adelaide, Australia: Gillingham Printers Pty. Ltd. 1978. 95 p.

Sarre, Rick.
"The partial 'decriminalisation' of cannabis: The South Australian experience" Current Issues in Criminal Justice. 1994. 6(2): 196-298.

Sutton, Adam; Sarre, Rick.
Monitoring the South Australian Cannabis Expiation Notice System. Journal of Drug Issues. 1992. 22(3): 579-590.

Canada

Addiction Research Foundation.
Cannabis, health and public policy. Toronto, Canada: Addiction Research Foundation. 1997. 11 p.

Canada. Commission of Inquiry into the Non-medical Use of Drugs.
Cannabis: A report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs [also known as the LeDain report]. Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada. 1972. 426 p. Note especially chapter 5, "The law" (pp. 209-261) and chapter 6, "Conclusions and recommendations of Gerald LeDain, Heinz Lehmann, J. Peter Stein" (pp. 265-316).

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA), National Working Group on Addictions Policy.
Cannabis control in Canada: Options regarding possession. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA). 1998.

Erickson, Patricia G.; Fischer, Benedikt.
"Canadian cannabis policy: The impact of criminalization, the current reality and future policy options." In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Cannabis Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 227-242.

Fischer, Benedikt; Single, Eric; Room, Robin; et al.
Cannabis use in Canada: Policy options for control. Policy Options/Options Politiques. forthcoming ca. 1998. 8 p.

Fischer, Benedikt; Erickson, Patricia G.; Smart, Reginald George.
"The new Canadian drug law: One step forward, two steps backward." International Journal of Drug Policy. 1996. 7(3): 172-179.

Mitchell, Chester N.
The Drug solution. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. 1990. 362 p. Carleton Public Policy Series, no. 5.

Solomon, R.; Single, Eric; Erickson, Patricia G.
"Legal considerations in Canadian cannabis policy." In: Blackwell, J.; Erickson, Patricia G., Eds., Illicit drugs in Canada: A risky business. Toronto, Canada: Nelson Canada. 1987.

Netherlands

Cohen, Peter.
"Building upon the successes of Dutch drug policy." International Journal on Drug Policy. 1988. 2(2): 22-24.

Peter Cohen.
"The case of the two Dutch drug policy commissions. An exercise in Harm Reduction 1968-1972." In Patricia Erickson, et al., Eds., New Public Health Policies and Programs for the Reduction of Drug Related Harm. University of Toronto Press. 1997.

Peter Cohen and Arjan Sas.
"Cannabis use, a stepping stone to other drug use? The case of Amsterdam." In Lorenz Böllinger, Ed., Cannabis Science/Cannabis Wissenschaft. Frankfurt Am Main: Peter Lang Publ. 1997. 49-82.

de Kort, Marcel.
"The Dutch cannabis debate 1968-1976." Journal of Drug Issues. 1994. 24(3): 417-427.

Engelsman, E. L.
"Dutch policy of the management of drug-related problems." British Journal of Addiction. 1989. 84: 211-218.

Grapendaal, M.; Leuw, Ed; Nelen, Hans.
"Legalization, decriminalization and the reduction of crime." In: Leuw, E.; Marshall, I. Haen, Eds., Between prohibition and legalization: The Dutch experiment in drug policy. New York: Kugler Publications. 1996. 233-253.

Holthuis, Gerard.
"Institutional tolerance of marijuana in Holland: Quasi-legal soft drugs reduce hard drug crime." Whole Earth Review. Spring 1987. 57: 58-59.

Jansen, A. C. M.
Cannabis in Amsterdam: A geography of hashish and marihuana. Muiderberg, Amsterdam: D. Coutinho. 1991. 178 p.

Jansen, A. C. M.
"The development of a 'legal' consumers' market for cannabis: The 'coffee shop' phenomenon." In: Leuw, E.; Marshall, I. Haen, Eds., Between prohibition and legalization: The Dutch experiment in drug policy. New York: Kugler Publications. 1996. 169-181.

Korf, Dirk J.
"Cannabis retail markets in Amsterdam." International Journal of Drug Policy. 1990. 2(1): 23-27.

Korf, Dirk J.
"Twenty years of soft drug use in Holland: A retrospective view based on twenty years of prevalence studies." Dutch Journal of Alcohol, Drugs and Other Psychotropic Substances. 1988. 14(3): 81-89.

Lap, Mario.
"About netherweed and coffeeshops." In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., De-Americanizing drug policy: The search for alternatives for failed repression. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1994. 137-150.

Lap, Mario; Drucker, Ernest.
"Recent changes in the Dutch cannabis trade: The case for regulated domestic production." International Journal of Drug Policy. 1994. 5(4): 249-252.

Leuw, Ed; Marshall, I. Haen, Eds.
Between prohibition and legalization: The Dutch experiment in drug policy. Amsterdam; New York: Kugler Publication. 1994. 335 p.

Leuw, Ed.
"Drugs and drug policy in the Netherlands." In: Tonry, M., Ed., Crime and justice: A review of research. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 1991.

Leuw, Ed.
"Recent reconsiderations in Dutch drug policy." In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Cannabis Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 153-168.

Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports; Netherlands Ministry of Justice.
Drug policy in the Netherlands: Continuity and change. The Hague, Netherlands: Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. 1995.

Observatoire Geopolitique des Drogues.
"The Netherlands: Market deregulation." Geopolitical Drug Dispatch. 1994. 38: 1, 3-4.

Ossebaard, H. C.
"Netherlands cannabis policy [Letter]." Lancet. 1996. 347(9003): 767-768.

Sankwijk, Paul; Cohen, Peter; Musterd, S.; Langemeijer, M. P. S.
Licit and illicit drug use in Amsterdam II: Report of a household survey in 1994 on the prevalence of drug use among the population of 12 and over. Amsterdam, Netherlands: University of Amsterdam, Department of Human Geography. 1995.

Scheerer, Sebastian.
"The new Dutch and German drug laws: Social and political conditions for criminalization and decriminalization." Law and Society Review. 1978. 12(4): 585-606.

Silvis, Jos.
"Enforcing drug laws in the Netherlands." In: Leuw, E.; Marshall, I. Haen, Eds., Between prohibition and legalization: The Dutch experiment in drug policy. New York: Kugler Publications. 1996. 41-58.

van de Wijngaart, Govert Frank.
Competing perspectives on drug use: The Dutch experience. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger. 1991. 143 p.

van de Wijngaart, Govert Frank.
"The Dutch approach: Normalization of drug problems." Journal of Drug Issues. 1990. 20(4): 667-670.

van Vliet, Henk Jan.
"Separation of drug markets and the normalization of drug problems in the Netherlands: An example for other nations?." Journal of Drug Issues. 1990. 20(3): 467-468.

van Vliet, Henk Jan.
"The uneasy decriminalisation: A perspective on Dutch drug policy." Hofstra Law Review. 1990. 18(1989-90): 717-750.

Werkgroep Verdovende Middelen.
Rapport van de Werkgroep Verdovende Middelen. The Hague, Netherlands: Staatsuitgeverij. 1972.

Other International

Albrecht, Hans-Jeorg.
"Internationales Betäubungsmittelrecht unter internationale Betäubungsmittelkontrolle" ["International narcotic rights under international narcotic control"]. In: Kreuzer, Arthur, Ed., Handbuch des Betäubungsmittelstrafrechts [Manual of criminal narcotics law]. Munich, Germany: C. H. Beck. 1998. 653-695.

Ambos, Kai.
"The 'White Triangle' and the cannabis decision of the Colombian Constitutional Court." In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Cannabis Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 247-255.

Anonymous.
"Deglamorising cannabis [Editorial]." Lancet. 1995. 356(11): 1241.

Arnao, Giancarlo.
"\library\arnao2.cfm">Italian referendum deletes criminal sanctions for drug users." Journal of Drug Issues. 1994. 24(3): 483-487.

Bundesverfassungsgericht.
"Beschluß vom 9. März 1994-Az.: 2 BvL 43/92." Strafverteidiger. 1994. 295-303. Legal decision on German drug laws from March 9th, 1994.

Campbell, D.
"Foreign focus: Drugs and the law: Possession may be the lesser evil." Guardian. 1994. 21: 12.

Federal High Court of Switzerland.
"Auszug aus dem Aortal des Kassationshofes des Bundesgerichtes vom 29. August 1991." In: Sachen, L., Ed. Gegen Staatsanwaltschaft des Kantons Zürich (Nichtigkeitsbeschwerde). Luzern, Switzerland: Federal High Court of Switzerland. 1991.

Juso-Bundesverband.
Materialien zur Drogenpolitik. Bonn, Germany: Juso-Bundesverband. 1995.

Körner, Harald Hans.
"Die Entpoenalisierung und die Entkriminalisierung von Cannabiskonsumenten mit geringen Cannabismengen zum Eigenkonsum: Trend zu einer außerstrafrechtlichen Kontrolle?" ["Depenalization and decriminalization of cannabis-consumers possessing small amounts of cannabis for personal consumption"]. In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Cannabis Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 289-311.

Kinzer, S.
"German state eases its policy on drug arrests." New York Times. May 18, 1994. A5.

Kreuzer, A.
"Die Haschisch-Entscheidung des BVerfG [The hashish decision of the Federal Constitutional Court]." Neue Juristische Wochenzeitung. 1994. 37.

Landgericht (LG) Frankfurt.
"Vorlagebeschluss zum Bundesverfassungsgericht." Strafverteidiger. 1993. 77-84.

Landgericht (LG) Lübeck.
"Vorlagebeschluss zum Bundesverfassungsgericht vom 19. Dezember 1991 Az: 2 Ns Kl. 167/90." Neue Juristische Wochenschrift. 1992. 1571-1577.

Nestler, Cornelius.
"Betäubungsmittelstrafrecht in Deutschland: Prinzipien des Verfassungs- und des Strafrechts" ["Constitutional principles, criminal law principles and the German drug laws"]. In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Canabis Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 263-288.

New Zealand Drug Policy Forum Trust.
"New Zealand should regulate and tax cannabis commerce." New Zealand Drug Policy Forum Trust. 1998.

Quensel, Stephan.
Zur Cannabis Situation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland [The cannabis situation in Germany]. Bremen, Germany: Bremer Institut für Drogenforschung (BISDRO). 1995. 52 p.

Raschke, Peter; Kalke, Jens.
Cannabis in Apotheken: Kontrollierte Abgabe als Heroinpravention [Cannabis in drug stores: Controlled distribution as heroin prevention]. Freiburg, Germany: Lambertus. 1997.

Schaich-Walch, Gudrun.
"Perspektiven einer legislativen Cannabis-Reform" ["Perspectives of legislative cannabis-reform"]. In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Cannabis Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 325-331.

Scheerer, Sebastian.
"The new Dutch and German drug laws: Social and political conditions for criminalization and decriminalization." Law and Society Review. 1978. 12(4): 585-606.

Schneider, Harmut.
"Überlegungen zur Entkriminalisierung des Cannabis-Verkehrs" ["Perspectives of decriminalizing cannabis traffic"]. In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Cannabis Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 313-323.

Sommer, Berthold.
"Zur Cannabis-Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts." In: Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed., Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Canabis Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 257-262.

Medical Marijuana -- California

Baum, Dan.
"California's separate peace." Rolling Stone. 1997. 772: 43-52.

Feldman, Harvey W.; Mandel, Jerry.
"Providing medical marijuana: The importance of cannabis clubs." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1998. 30(2): 179-186.

Pollan, Michael.
"Living with medical marijuana." New York Times Magazine. July 20, 1997. 22-29, 40, 48, 54-55.

Marijuana Decriminalization -- 1970s

Aldrich, Michael R.; Mikuriya, Tod H.
"Savings in California marijuana law enforcement costs attributable to the Moscone Act of 1976: A summary." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1988. 20(1): 75-81.

Bishop, B.
"Effects of the Oregon laws decriminalizing possession and use of small quantities of marijuana." Legislative Research. 1974. 74: 96.

Blachly, Paul H.
"Effects of decriminalization of marijuana in Oregon." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1976. 282: 405-415.

Brill, Allen H.
"Regulating and controlling marijuana: A first attempt." Contemporary Drug Problems. 1971/1972. 1(1): 97-116.

Clayton, Richard R.
"Assessment of the effects of marijuana decriminalization with minimal resources." Contemporary Drug Problems. 1981. 10(4): 447-461.

Danaceau, Paul.
Pot luck in Texas: Changing a marijuana law. Washington, DC: Drug Abuse Council. 1974. 70 p.

Maine Office of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Prevention.
The decriminalization of marijuana and the Maine criminal justice system: A time/cost analysis - 1979. Augusta, ME: Maine Office of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Prevention. 1979. 19 p.

Maine Office of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Prevention.
An evaluation of the decriminalization of marijuana in Maine. Augusta, ME: Maine Office of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Prevention. 1979.

Rosenthal, Michael P.
"The legislative response to marihuana: When the shoe pinches enough." Journal of Drug Issues. 1977. 7(1): 61-77.

Saveland, W.; Bray, D.
American trends in cannabis use among states with different and changing legal regimes. Ottawa, Canada: Bureau of Tobacco Control and Biometrics, Health and Welfare. 1980.

Marijuana Regulation - General

Böllinger, Lorenz, Ed.
Cannabis science: From prohibition to human right [Cannabis-Wissenschaft: Von der Prohibition zum Recht auf Genuß]. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang. 1997. 335 p.

Revised papers of the International Symposium
"Cannabis Policy, Criminal Law and Human Rights" held in Bremen/Germany, Oct. 5 to 7, 1995.

Bonnie, Richard J.
Marijuana use and criminal sanctions: Essays on the theory and practice of decriminalization. Charlottesville, VA: Michie. 1980. 264 p.

Bonnie, Richard J.
"The meaning of 'decriminalization': A review of the law." Contemporary Drug Problems. 1981. 10(3): 277-289.

Campbell, Richard.
"Potential problems and suggested solutions in marijuana decriminalization research: A longitudinal view." Contemporary Drug Problems. 1981. 10(4): 435-446.

DiChiari, A.; Galliher, John F.
"Dissonance and contradictions in the origins of marijuana decriminalization." Law and Society Review. 1994. 28(1): 41-77.

Erickson, Patricia G.; Murray, G. F.
"Cannabis criminals revisited." British Journal of Addiction. 1986. 81(1): 81-85.

Erickson, Patricia G.
"Living with prohibition: Regular cannabis users, legal sanctions and informal controls." International Journal of the Addictions. 1989. 24(3): 175-188.

Grinspoon, Lester.
"The question of legalization." In: Grinspoon, Lester, Marihuana reconsidered. Oakland, CA: Quick American Archives. 1994. 344-371.

Johnston, Lloyd; O'Malley, Patrick M.; Bachman, Jerald G.
Marijuana decriminalization: The impact on youth, 1975-1980. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. 1981.

Kaplan, Howard B.
Conceptual isues in marijuana decriminalization research. Contemporary Drug Problems. 1981. 10(4): 365-382.

Kaplan, John.
Marijuana: The new prohibition. New York: World. 1970. 402 p.

Kleiman, Mark A. R.
"A marijuana policy recommendation." In: Kleiman, Mark A. R., Marijuana: Costs of abuse, costs of control. New York: Greenwood Press. 1989. 179-185.

Meyer, Peter H.
"NORML v. Wilson: Memoranda of law." Contemporary Drug Problems. 1974. 3(1): 127-170.

Model, K. E.
"The effect of marijuana decriminalization on hospital emergency room drug episodes: 1975-1978." Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1993. 88(423): 737-747.

National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse.
Marijuana: A signal of misunderstanding. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972.

National Research Council, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior. An analysis of marijuana policy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1982. 41 p.

Rosenthal, M.
"Partial prohibition on non-medical drug use: A proposal." Journal of Drug Issues. 1979. 9(4): 437-489.

Single, Eric.
"The impact of marijuana decriminalization: An update." Journal of Public Health Policy. 1989. 10(4): 456-466.

Stuart, R. B.; Guire, K.; Krell, M.
"Penalty for the possession of marijuana: An analysis of some of its concomitants." Contemporary Drug Problems. 1976. 5: 553.

Thies, C. T.; Register, C. A.
"Decriminalization of marijuana and the demand for alcohol, marijuana and cocaine." Social Science Journal. 1993. 30(4): 385.

Trebach, Arnold S.
"Ignoring the great commission reports." Drug Policy Letter. 1989. 1(4): 5-8.

Wever, Leon.
"Drug policy changes in Europe and the USA: Alternatives to international warfare." International Journal of Drug Policy. 1992. 3(4): 176-181.

Judicial Decisions

Conant v. McCaffrey, No. C97-0139 FMS. United States District Court for the Northern District of California 1997, April 30. 172 F.R.D. 681; 1997 U.S. Dist. Lexis 8749.

People ex rel Lungren v. Peron, No. A077630. Court of Appeal of California, First Appelate District, Division Five 1997, December 12. 59 Cal. App. 4th 1383; 1997 Cal. App. Lexis 1034; 70 Cal. Rptr. 2d 20; 97 Cal. Daily Op. Service 9374; 97 Daily Journal DAR 15058.

People v. Trippet, No. A073484. Court of Appeal of California, First Appelate District, Division Two 1997, August 15. 56 Cal. App. 4th 1532; 1997 Cal. App. Lexis 649; 66 Cal. Rptr. 2d 559; 97 Cal. Daily Op. Service 6513; 97 Daily Journal DAR 10639.

Regina v. Terrence Parker. Ontario Court [Provincial Division] 1997, December 10. 1997. 12 Criminal Report [5th] 251.

United State of America v. Cannabis Cultivators Club, et al. No. C98-0085-CRB and related cases. United States District Court for the Northern District of California.

United States of America v. Cannabis Cultivators Club and Dennis Peron. United States District Court for the Northern District of California 1998, May 13. 14 p. No. C 98-0085 CRB, C 98-0086 CRB, C 98-0087 CRB, C 98-0088 CRB, C 98-0245 CRB.

Ballot Initiatives

Amendment for Medical Use of Marijuana. Las Vegas, NE: Nevadans for Medical Rights. 1998. 1 p.

Bill Allowing Medical Use of Marijuana. Anchorage, AK: Alaskans for Medical Rights. 1998. 1 p.

Drug Medicalization, Prevention, and Control Act of 1996. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Proposition 200. 1996. 6 p.

Oregon Medical Marijuana Act. Portland, OR: Oregonians for Medical Rights. 1998. 9 p.

Proposition 215 -- The Medical Marijuana Initiative. Santa Monica, CA: Californians for Medical Rights. 1996. 1 p.

Washington State Medical Use of Marijuana Act. Seattle, WA: Washington Citizens for Medical Rights. 1998. 5 p.